4 Above the troposphere to a height of about 50 miles is a zone called the stratosphere. The stratosphere is separated from the troposphere by a zone of uniform temperatures called the tropopause. Within the lower portions of the stratosphere is a layer of ozone gases which filter out most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. The ozone layer varies with air pressure. If this zone were not there, the full blast of the sun’s ultraviolet light would burn our skins, blind our eyes and eventually result in our destruction. Within the stratosphere, the temperature and atmospheric composition are relatively uniform.
5 The layer upward of about 50 miles is the most fascinating but the least known of the three strata. It is called the ionosphere because it consists of electrically charges particles called ions, thrown from the sun. The northern lights ( aurora borealis ) originate within this highly charged portion of the atmosphere. Its effect upon weather conditions, if any, is as yet unknown.
23.Paragraph 1 _____.
24.Paragraph 2 _____.
25.Paragraph 3. _____.
26.Paragraph 4. ______.
A.The Definition and The Description of The Ions
B.The Definition And The Description of The Stratosphere
C.The Sun’s Rays
D.Recent Studies of The Upper Atmosphere Versus Past Studies
E.The Definition And The Description of The Troposphere
F.The Composition of The Atmosphere
27.At the top of Jungfrau, which towers 12,000 feet above the town of Interlaken in Switzerland, the temperature is usually _______.
28.Life as we know exists on the earth because the atmosphere _________.
29.The atmosphere consists of _________.
30.The troposphere is the warmest part of the atmosphere because it _______.
A.contains a layer of ozone gases.
B.about 42 degrees colder than on the ground.
C.21% oxygen by weight.
D.less than 1% of xenon by volume
E.about 75 degrees colder than in Interlaken
F.is warmed by the earth’s heat.
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每道题确定一个最佳选项。
第一篇
The Volcano
Geologists have been studying volcanoes for a long time. Though they have learned a great deal, they still have not discovered the cause of volcanic action. They know that the inside of the earth is very hot, but they are not sure exactly what causes the great heat. Some geologists have thought that the heat is caused by the great pressure of the earth’s outer layers. Or the heat may be left from the time when the earth was formed. During the last sixty years scientists have learned about radium, uranium, thorium and other radioactive elements. These give out heat all the time as they change into other elements. Many scientists now believe that much of the heat inside the earth is produced by radioactive elements. www.lexue88.com
Whatever the cause of the heat may be, we do know that the earth gets hotter the farther down we dig, in deep mines and oil wells the temperature rises about 10F for each 50 feet. At this rate the temperature 40 miles below the earth’s surface would be over 40000F. this is much hotter than necessary to melt rock. However, the pressure of the rock above keeps most materials from melting at their usual melting points. Geologists believe that the rock deep in the earth may be plastic, or puttylike, in other words, the rock yields slowly to pressure but is not liquid. But if some change in the earth’s crust releases the pressure, the rock melts. Then the hot, liquid rock can move up toward the surface.
When the melted rock works its way close to earth’s crust, a volcano may be formed. The melted rock often contains steam and other gases under great pressure. If the rock above gives way, the pressure is released. Then the sudden expansion of the gases causes explosions. These blow the melted rock into pieces of different sizes and shoot them high in the air. Here they cool and harden into volcanic ash and cinders. Some of the material falls around the hole made in the earth’s surface. The melted rock may keep on rising and pour out as lava. In this way, volcanic ash, cinders and lava build up the cone-shaped mountains that we call volcanoes.
31.The subject of this passage is the _______.
A.formation of volcanoes
B.results of volcanic action
C.work of geologists
D.interior of the earth
32.The cause fro the heat in the interior of the earth is _______.
A.radioactive elements
B.the great pressure of the earth
C.not determined
D.the heart remaining from the formation of the earth
33.From the information given in the passage, most minerals would melt fastest _______.
A.at 40000F, at sea level
B.at 40000F, 5000 feet below sea level
C.at the exact center of earth at 40000F
D.at 40000F, 5000 feet above the sea level
34.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A.Geologists know that volcano action is caused by radioactive elements.
B.Geologists know that there is higher temperature within the earth.
C.The real causes of the heat inside the earth have not been found.
D.Scientists have made various guesses about the causes of heat inside the earth.
35.The best title for the passage is _______.
A.The Heat Inside the Earth
B.Volcanoes
C.Radioactive Elements
D.The Melted Rock
第二篇
Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities
Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking on the phone while traveling, whether you're driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian deaths and those of drivers and passengers, and recommend crackdowns on cell1 use by both pedestrians and drivers.
The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb2, relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones in use, showing that the current increase in deaths resulting from cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helped to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once the numbers of phones in use reached a "critical mass" 3 of 100 million, the study found.
These studies looked at cell phone use and motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, and factored in4 a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and miles driven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true even when including factors such as speed, alcohol consumption, and seat belt use.
Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a "significant adverse effect on pedestrian safety" and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical thresholds adds to motor vehicle fatalities." In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, cell phone use actually had a "life-saving effect" in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. "Cell-phone users' were able to quickly call for medical assistance when involved in an accident. This quick medical response actually reduced the number of traffic deaths for a time," Loeb hypothesizes.
However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused a "life-taking effect" among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when there were fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, says Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probably were still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there weren't enough cell phones in use to make a difference in summoning help following an accident, he explains.
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